ផែនទី មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤ នៃ មណ្ឌល ឧត្តរ ប្រទេស សៀម

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤ នៃ មណ្ឌល ឧត្តរ ប្រទេស សៀម

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី ឆ្នាំ ១៩១០ អំពី រដ្ឋបាលដែនដីមណ្ឌលខ្មែរ MONTO KAMEN 1910

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី ឆ្នាំ ១៩១០ អំពី រដ្ឋបាលដែនដីមណ្ឌលព្រះចិន  MONTO PRACHIN 1910

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី ឆ្នាំ ១៩១០ អំពី រដ្ឋបាលដែនដីមណ្ឌលព្រះចិន  MONTO PRACHIN 1910

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី ឆ្នាំ ១៩១០ អំពី រដ្ឋបាលដែនដីមណ្ឌលព្រះចិន  MONTO PRACHIN 1910

នេះជាបណ្តាផែនទី ឆ្នាំ ១៩១០ អំពី រដ្ឋបាលដែនដីមណ្ឌលព្រះចិន  MONTO PRACHIN 1910

ផែនទីសៀម មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤ និង គោលនយោបាយវាតទី យកដែនសមុទ្រ តាមច្បាប់សមុទ្រអន្តរជាតិ

ផែនទីសៀម មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤ និង គោលនយោបាយវាតទី យកដែនសមុទ្រ តាមច្បាប់សមុទ្រអន្តរជាតិ

ផែនទីសៀម មុនឆ្នាំ ១៩០៤ និង គោលនយោបាយវាតទី យកដែនសមុទ្រ តាមច្បាប់សមុទ្រអន្តរជាតិ

CONTENTS បញ្ជីមាតិការ

PREAMBLE បុព្វកថា

PART I. INTRODUCTION ផ្នែកទី I. សេចក្តីផ្តើម

Article 1. Use of terms and scope មាត្រា ១. ការប្រើប្រាស់ពាក្យ និងវិសាលភាព

PART II. TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE ផ្នែកទី II. សមុទ្រដែនដី និងតំបន់ជាប់គ្នា

SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS ផ្នែកទី 1. បទប្បញ្ញត្តិទូទៅ

Article 2. Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil 

មាត្រា ២. ឋានៈស្របច្បាប់នៃសមុទ្រដែនដី នៃលំហអាកាសលើសមុទ្រដែនដី និងនៃបាតសមុទ្រ និងដីក្រោមទឹករបស់វា

SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA

Article 3. Breadth of the territorial sea
Article 4. Outer limit of the territorial sea
Article 5. Normal baseline
Article 6. Reefs
Article 7. Straight baselines
Article 8. Internal waters
Article 9. Mouths of rivers
Article 10. Bays
Article 11. Ports
Article 12. Roadsteads
Article 13. Low-tide elevations
Article 14. Combination of methods for determining baselines
Article 15. Delimitation of the territorial sea between States with opposite or adjacent coasts
Article 16. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates


SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA


SUBSECTION A. RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS

Article 17. Right of innocent passage
Article 18. Meaning of passage
Article 19. Meaning of innocent passage
Article 20. Submarines and other underwater vehicles
Article 21. Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage
Article 22. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea
Article 23. Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances
Article 24. Duties of the coastal State
Article 25. Rights of protection of the coastal State
Article 26. Charges which may be levied upon foreign ships


SUBSECTION B. RULES APPLICABLE TO MERCHANT SHIPS AND GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES

Article 27. Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship
Article 28. Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships

SUBSECTION C. RULES APPLICABLE TO WARSHIPS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSES

Article 29. Definition of warships
Article 30. Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations of the coastal State
Article 31. Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes
Article 32. Immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes

SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONE

Article 33. Contiguous zone

PART III. STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION

SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 34. Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation
Article 35. Scope of this Part
Article 36. High seas routes or routes through exclusive economic zones through straits used for international navigation

SECTION 2. TRANSIT PASSAGE

Article 37. Scope of this section
Article 38. Right of transit passage
Article 39. Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage
Article 40. Research and survey activities
Article 41. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in straits used for international navigation
Article 42. Laws and regulations of States bordering straits relating to transit passage
Article 43. Navigational and safety aids and other improvements and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution
Article 44. Duties of States bordering straits

SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE

Article 45. Innocent passage

PART IV. ARCHIPELAGIC STATES

Article 46. Use of terms
Article 47. Archipelagic baselines
Article 48. Measurement of the breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf
Article 49. Legal status of archipelagic waters, of the air space over archipelagic waters and of their bed and subsoil
Article 50. Delimitation of internal waters
Article 51. Existing agreements, traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables
Article 52. Right of innocent passage
Article 53. Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage
Article 54. Duties of ships and aircraft during their passage, research and survey activities, duties of the archipelagic State and laws and regulations of the archipelagic State relating to archipelagic sea lanes passage

PART V. EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE

Article 55. Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone
Article 56. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone
Article 57. Breadth of the exclusive economic zone
Article 58. Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic zone
Article 59. Basis for the resolution of conflicts regarding the attribution of rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone
Article 60. Artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone
Article 61. Conservation of the living resources
Article 62. Utilization of the living resources
Article 63. Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States or both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to it
Article 64. Highly migratory species
Article 65. Marine mammals
Article 66. Anadromous stocks
Article 67. Catadromous species
Article 68. Sedentary species
Article 69. Right of land-locked States
Article 70. Right of geographically disadvantaged States
Article 71. Non-applicability of articles 69 and 70
Article 72. Restrictions on transfer of rights
Article 73. Enforcement of laws and regulations of the coastal State
Article 74. Delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts
Article 75. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates

PART VI. CONTINENTAL SHELF

Article 76. Definition of the continental shelf
Article 77. Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf.
Article 78. Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of other States
Article 79. Submarine cables and pipelines on the continental shelf
Article 80. Artificial islands, installations and structures on the continental shelf
Article 81. Drilling on the continental shelf
Article 82. Payments and contributions with respect to the exploitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
Article 83. Delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts
Article 84. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates
Article 85. Tunnelling

PART VII. HIGH SEAS


SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 86. Application of the provisions of this Part
Article 87. Freedom of the high seas
Article 88. Reservation of the high seas for peaceful
purposes
Article 89. Invalidity of claims of sovereignty over the high seas
Article 90. Right of navigation
Article 91. Nationality of ships
Article 92. Status of ships
Article 93. Ships flying the flag of the United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency
Article 94. Duties of the flag State
Article 95. Immunity of warships on the high seas
Article 96. Immunity of ships used only on government non-commercial service
Article 97. Penal jurisdiction in matters of collision or any other incident of navigation
Article 98. Duty to render assistance
Article 99. Prohibition of the transport of slaves
Article 100. Duty to cooperate in the repression of piracy
Article 101. Definition of piracy
Article 102. Piracy by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied
Article 103. Definition of a pirate ship or aircraft
Article 104. Retention or loss of the nationality of a pirate ship or aircraft
Article 105. Seizure of a pirate ship or aircraft
Article 106. Liability for seizure without adequate grounds
Article 107. Ships and aircraft which are entitled to seize on account of piracy
Article 108. Illicit traffic in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances
Article 109. Unauthorized broadcasting from the high seas
Article 110. Right of visit
Article 111. Right of hot pursuit
Article 112. Right to lay submarine cables and pipelines
Article 113. Breaking or injury of a submarine cable or pipeline
Article 114. Breaking or injury by owners of a submarine cable or pipeline of another submarine cable or pipeline
Article 115. Indemnity for loss incurred in avoiding injury to a submarine cable or pipeline


SECTION 2. CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE LIVING RESOURCES OF THE HIGH SEAS

Article 116. Right to fish on the high seas
Article 117. Duty of States to adopt with respect to their nationals measures for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas
Article 118. Cooperation of States in the conservation and management of living resources
Article 119. Conservation of the living resources of the high seas
Article 120. Marine mammals

PART VIII. REGIME OF ISLANDS

Article 121. Regime of islands

PART IX. ENCLOSED OR SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS

Article 122. Definition
Article 123. Cooperation of States bordering enclosed or semi-enclosed seas

PART X. RIGHT OF ACCESS OF LAND-LOCKED STATES TO AND FROM THE SEA AND FREEDOM OF TRANSIT

Article 124. Use of terms
Article 125. Right of access to and from the sea and freedom of transit
Article 126. Exclusion of application of the most-favoured-nation clause
Article 127. Customs duties, taxes and other charges
Article 128. Free zones and other customs facilities
Article 129. Cooperation in the construction and improvement of means of transport
Article 130. Measures to avoid or eliminate delays or other difficulties of a technical nature in traffic in transit
Article 131. Equal treatment in maritime ports
Article 132. Grant of greater transit facilities

PART XI. THE AREA


SECTION l. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 133. Use of terms
Article 134. Scope of this Part
Article 135. Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space

SECTION 2. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE AREA

Article 136. Common heritage of mankind
Article 137. Legal status of the Area and its resources
Article 138. General conduct of States in relation to the Area
Article 139. Responsibility to ensure compliance and liability for damage
Article 140. Benefit of mankind
Article 141. Use of the Area exclusively for peaceful purposes
Article 142. Rights and legitimate interests of coastal States
Article 143. Marine scientific research
Article 144. Transfer of technology
Article 145. Protection of the marine environment
Article 146. Protection of human life
Article 147. Accommodation of activities in the Area and in the marine environment
Article 148. Participation of developing States in activities in the Area
Article 149. Archaeological and historical objects

SECTION 3. DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES OF THE AREA
Article 150. Policies relating to activities in the Area
Article 151. Production policies
Article 152. Exercise of powers and functions by the Authority
Article 153. System of exploration and exploitation
Article 154. Periodic review
Article 155. The Review Conference

SECTION 4. THE AUTHORITY

SUBSECTION A. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 156. Establishment of the Authority
Article 157. Nature and fundamental principles of the Authority
Article 158. Organs of the Authority


SUBSECTION B. THE ASSEMBLY

Article 159. Composition, procedure and voting
Article 160. Powers and functions


SUBSECTION C. THE COUNCIL

Article 161. Composition, procedure and voting
Article 162. Powers and functions
Article 163. Organs of the Council
Article 164. The Economic Planning Commission
Article 165. The Legal and Technical Commission


SUBSECTION D. THE SECRETARIAT

Article 166. The Secretariat
Article 167. The staff of the Authority
Article 168. International character of the Secretariat
Article 169. Consultation and cooperation with international and non-governmental organizations


SUBSECTION E. THE ENTERPRISE

Article 170. The Enterprise

SUBSECTION F. FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS OF THE AUTHORITY

Article 171. Funds of the Authority
Article 172. Annual budget of the Authority
Article 173. Expenses of the Authority
Article 174. Borrowing power of the Authority
Article 175. Annual audit


SUBSECTION G. LEGAL STATUS, PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES

Article 176. Legal status
Article 177. Privileges and immunities
Article 178. Immunity from legal process
Article 179. Immunity from search and any form of seizure
Article 180. Exemption from restrictions, regulations, controls and moratoria
Article 181. Archives and official communications of the Authority
Article 182. Privileges and immunities of certain persons connected with the Authority
Article 183. Exemption from taxes and customs duties


SUBSECTION H. SUSPENSION OF THE EXERCISE OF RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS

Article 184. Suspension of the exercise of voting rights
Article 185. Suspension of exercise of rights and privileges of membership

SECTION 5. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES AND ADVISORY OPINIONS

Article 186. Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Article 187. Jurisdiction of the Seabed Disputes Chamber
Article 188. Submission of disputes to a special chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or an ad hoc chamber of the Seabed Disputes Chamber or to binding commercial arbitration
Article 189. Limitation on jurisdiction with regard to decisions of the Authority
Article 190. Participation and appearance of sponsoring States Parties in proceedings
Article 191. Advisory opinions

PART XII. PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 192. General obligation
Article 193. Sovereign right of States to exploit their natural resources
Article 194. Measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment
Article 195. Duty not to transfer damage or hazards or transform one type of pollution into another
Article 196. Use of technologies or introduction of alien or new species

SECTION 2. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL COOPERATION

Article 197. Cooperation on a global or regional basis
Article 198. Notification of imminent or actual damage
Article 199. Contingency plans against pollution
Article 200. Studies, research programmes and exchange of information and data
Article 201. Scientific criteria for regulations

SECTION 3. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

Article 202. Scientific and technical assistance to developing States
Article 203. Preferential treatment for developing States

SECTION 4. MONITORING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Article 204. Monitoring of the risks or effects of pollution
Article 205. Publication of reports
Article 206. Assessment of potential effects of activities

SECTION 5. INTERNATIONAL RULES AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION TO PREVENT, REDUCE AND CONTROL POLLUTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Article 207. Pollution from land-based sources
Article 208. Pollution from seabed activities subject to national jurisdiction
Article 209. Pollution from activities in the Area
Article 210. Pollution by dumping
Article 211. Pollution from vessels
Article 212. Pollution from or through the atmosphere

SECTION 6. ENFORCEMENT
Article 213. Enforcement with respect to pollution from land-based sources
Article 214. Enforcement with respect to pollution from seabed activities
Article 215. Enforcement with respect to pollution from activities in the Area
Article 216. Enforcement with respect to pollution by dumping
Article 217. Enforcement by flag States
Article 218. Enforcement by port States
Article 219. Measures relating to seaworthiness of vessels to avoid pollution
Article 220. Enforcement by coastal States
Article 221. Measures to avoid pollution arising from maritime casualties
Article 222. Enforcement with respect to pollution from or through the atmosphere

SECTION 7. SAFEGUARDS
Article 223. Measures to facilitate proceedings
Article 224. Exercise of powers of enforcement
Article 225. Duty to avoid adverse consequences in the exercise of the powers of enforcement.
Article 226. Investigation of foreign vessels
Article 227. Non-discrimination with respect to foreign vessels
Article 228. Suspension and restrictions on institution of proceedings
Article 229. Institution of civil proceedings
Article 230. Monetary penalties and the observance of recognized rights of the accused
Article 231. Notification to the flag State and other States concerned
Article 232. Liability of States arising from enforcement measures
Article 233. Safeguards with respect to straits used for international navigation

SECTION 8. ICE-COVERED AREAS
Article 234. Ice-covered areas

SECTION 9. RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY
Article 235. Responsibility and liability

SECTION 10. SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY
Article 236. Sovereign immunity

SECTION 11. OBLIGATIONS UNDER OTHER CONVENTIONS ON THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Article 237. Obligations under other conventions on the protection and preservation of the marine environment.

PART XIII. MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 238. Right to conduct marine scientific research
Article 239. Promotion of marine scientific research
Article 240. General principles for the conduct of marine scientific research
Article 241. Non-recognition of marine scientific research activities as the legal basis for claims

SECTION 2. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Article 242. Promotion of international cooperation
Article 243. Creation of favourable conditions
Article 244. Publication and dissemination of information and knowledge

SECTION 3. CONDUCT AND PROMOTION OF MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Article 245. Marine scientific research in the territorial sea
Article 246. Marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf
Article 247. Marine scientific research projects undertaken by or under the auspices of international organizations
Article 248. Duty to provide information to the coastal State
Article 249. Duty to comply with certain conditions
Article 250. Communications concerning marine scientific research projects
Article 251. General criteria and guidelines
Article 252. Implied consent
Article 253. Suspension or cessation of marine scientific research activities
Article 254. Rights of neighbouring land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States
Article 255. Measures to facilitate marine scientific research and assist research vessels
Article 256. Marine scientific research in the Area
Article 257. Marine scientific research in the water column beyond the exclusive economic zone

SECTION 4. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTALLATIONS OR EQUIPMENT IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Article 258. Deployment and use
Article 259. Legal status
Article 260. Safety zones
Article 261. Non-interference with shipping routes
Article 262. Identification markings and warning signals

SECTION 5. RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY
Article 263. Responsibility and liability

SECTION 6. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES AND INTERIM MEASURES
Article 264. Settlement of disputes
Article 265. Interim measures

PART XIV. DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER OF MARINE TECHNOLOGY

SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 266. Promotion of the development and transfer of marine technology
Article 267. Protection of legitimate interests
Article 268. Basic objectives
Article 269. Measures to achieve the basic objectives

SECTION 2. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Article 270. Ways and means of international cooperation
Article 271. Guidelines, criteria and standards
Article 272. Coordination of international programmes
Article 273. Cooperation with international organizations and the Authority
Article 274. Objectives of the Authority


SECTION 3. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL MARINE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CENTRES

Article 275. Establishment of national centres.
Article 276. Establishment of regional centres
Article 277. Functions of regional centres

SECTION 4. COOPERATION AMONG INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Article 278. Cooperation among international organizations

PART XV. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 279. Obligation to settle disputes by peaceful means
Article 280. Settlement of disputes by any peaceful means chosen by the parties
Article 281. Procedure where no settlement has been reached by the parties
Article 282. Obligations under general, regional or bilateral agreements
Article 283. Obligation to exchange views
Article 284. Conciliation
Article 285. Application of this section to disputes submitted pursuant to Part XI

SECTION 2. COMPULSORY PROCEDURES ENTAILING BINDING DECISIONS
Article 286. Application of procedures under this section
Article 287. Choice of procedure
Article 288. Jurisdiction
Article 289. Experts
Article 290. Provisional measures
Article 291. Access
Article 292. Prompt release of vessels and crews
Article 293. Applicable law
Article 294. Preliminary proceedings
Article 295. Exhaustion of local remedies
Article 296. Finality and binding force of decisions

SECTION 3. LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS TO APPLICABILITY OF SECTION 2
Article 297. Limitations on applicability of section 2
Article 298. Optional exceptions to applicability of section 2
Article 299. Right of the parties to agree upon a procedure

PART XVI. GENERAL PROVISIONSArticle 300. Good faith and abuse of rights
Article 301. Peaceful uses of the seas
Article 302. Disclosure of information
Article 303. Archaeological and historical objects found at sea
Article 304. Responsibility and liability for damage

PART XVII. FINAL PROVISIONSArticle 305. Signature
Article 306. Ratification and formal confirmation
Article 307. Accession
Article 308. Entry into force
Article 309. Reservations and exceptions
Article 310. Declarations and statements
Article 311. Relation to other conventions and international agreements
Article 312. Amendment
Article 313. Amendment by simplified procedure
Article 314. Amendments to the provisions of this Convention relating exclusively to activities in the Area
Article 315. Signature, ratification of, accession to and authentic texts of amendments
Article 316. Entry into force of amendments
Article 317. Denunciation
Article 318. Status of Annexes
Article 319. Depositary
Article 320. Authentic texts

Annexes to the Convention

ANNEX I. HIGHLY MIGRATORY SPECIES

ANNEX II. COMMISSION ON THE LIMITS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF

ANNEX III. BASIC CONDITIONS OF PROSPECTING, EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATIONArticle 1. Title to minerals
Article 2. Prospecting
Article 3. Exploration and exploitation
Article 4. Qualifications of applicants
Article 5. Transfer of technology
Article 6. Approval of plans of work
Article 7. Selection among applicants for production authorizations
Article 8. Reservation of areas
Article 9. Activities in reserved areas
Article 10. Preference and priority among applicants
Article 11. Joint arrangements
Article 12. Activities carried out by the Enterprise
Article 13. Financial terms of contracts
Article 14. Transfer of data
Article 15. Training programmes
Article 16. Exclusive right to explore and exploit
Article 17. Rules, regulations and procedures of the Authority
Article 18. Penalties
Article 19. Revision of contract
Article 20. Transfer of rights and obligations
Article 21. Applicable law
Article 22. Responsibility

ANNEX IV. STATUTE OF THE ENTERPRISEArticle 1. Purposes
Article 2. Relationship to the Authority
Article 3. Limitation of liability
Article 4. Structure
Article 5. Governing Board
Article 6. Powers and functions of the Governing Board
Article 7. Director-General and staff of the Enterprise
Article 8. Location
Article 9. Reports and financial statements
Article 10. Allocation of net income
Article 11. Finances
Article 12. Operations
Article 13. Legal status, privileges and immunities

ANNEX V. CONCILIATION

SECTION 1. CONCILIATION PROCEDURE PURSUANT TO SECTION 1 OF PART XV
Article 1. Institution of proceedings
Article 2. List of conciliators
Article 3. Constitution of conciliation commission
Article 4. Procedure
Article 5. Amicable settlement
Article 6. Functions of the commission
Article 7. Report
Article 8. Termination
Article 9. Fees and expenses
Article 10. Right of parties to modify procedure

SECTION 2. COMPULSORY SUBMISSION TO CONCILIATION PROCEDURE PURSUANT TO SECTION 3 OF PART XV
Article 11. Institution of proceedings
Article 12. Failure to reply or to submit to conciliation
Article 13. Competence
Article 14. Application of section 1

ANNEX VI. STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEAArticle 1. General provisions

SECTION 1. ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIBUNAL
Article 2. Composition
Article 3. Membership
Article 4. Nominations and elections
Article 5. Term of office
Article 6. Vacancies
Article 7. Incompatible activities
Article 8. Conditions relating to participation of members in a particular case
Article 9. Consequence of ceasing to fulfil required conditions
Article 10. Privileges and immunities
Article 11. Solemn declaration by members
Article 12. President, Vice-President and Registrar
Article 13. Quorum
Article 14. Seabed Disputes Chamber
Article 15. Special chambers
Article 16. Rules of the Tribunal
Article 17. Nationality of members
Article 18. Remuneration of members
Article 19. Expenses of the Tribunal

SECTION 2. COMPETENCE
Article 20. Access to the Tribunal
Article 21. Jurisdiction
Article 22 Reference of disputes subject to other agreements
Article 23. Applicable law

SECTION 3. PROCEDURE
Article 24. Institution of proceedings
Article 25. Provisional measures
Article 26. Hearing
Article 27. Conduct of case
Article 28. Default
Article 29. Majority for decision
Article 30. Judgment
Article 31. Request to intervene
Article 32 Right to intervene in cases of interpretation or application
Article 33. Finality and binding force of decisions
Article 34. Costs

SECTION 4. SEABED DISPUTES CHAMBER
Article 35. Composition
Article 36. Ad hoc chambers
Article 37. Access
Article 38. Applicable law
Article 39. Enforcement of decisions of the Chamber
Article 40. Applicability of other sections of this Annex

SECTION 5. AMENDMENTS
Article 41. Amendments

ANNEX VII. ARBITRATION
Article 1. Institution of proceedings
Article 2. List of arbitrators
Article 3. Constitution of arbitral tribunal
Article 4. Functions of arbitral tribunal
Article 5. Procedure
Article 6. Duties of parties to a dispute
Article 7. Expenses
Article 8. Required majority for decisions
Article 9. Default of appearance
Article 10. Award
Article 11. Finality of award
Article 12. Interpretation or implementation of award
Article 13. Application to entities other than States Parties

ANNEX VIII. SPECIAL ARBITRATIONArticle 1. Institution of proceedings
Article 2. Lists of experts
Article 3. Constitution of special arbitral tribunal
Article 4. General provisions
Article 5. Fact finding

ANNEX IX. PARTICIPATION BY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSArticle 1. Use of terms
Article 2. Signature
Article 3. Formal confirmation and accession
Article 4. Extent of participation and rights and obligations
Article 5. Declarations, notifications and communications
Article 6. Responsibility and liability
Article 7. Settlement of disputes
Article 8. Applicability of Part XVII

នយោបាយ វាតទីនៃប្រទេស ថៃ

10 July 2019 – 19 June 2025 Anutin Acting Prime Minister

Should MOU 44 be revoked when the resolution of maritime disputes under UNCLOS cannot be predicted 100%?

Prachatai / Special Report / Politics / Economy / Foreign Affairs / Security

Published on March 4, 2026.

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ការឃោសនាមុនការបោះឆ្នោត ដើម្បីលុប MOU43, 44 និងការឈ្នះឆ្នោត

ការឃោសនាមុនការបោះឆ្នោត ដើម្បីលុប MOU43, 44 និងការឈ្នះឆ្នោត

Report by: Natthaphol Mekhsophon

Following the general election on February 8, 2026, in Thai politics, it is becoming clearer that the Bhumjaithai Party won the election and will lead the formation of the new government. This means that the policies promised to the public during the election campaign are likely to proceed, including the cancellation of Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) 43 and 44.

Shortly after the election, just two days later, Prime Minister Anutin Charnvirakul told the media that he would instruct the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Defence to form a working group to study the cancellation of the memorandum of understanding between Thailand and Cambodia regarding overlapping continental shelf claims, also known as MOU 44.

Anutin Charnvirakul (Source: Thai Khu Fah Facebook page )

For those unfamiliar with MOU44, this memorandum of understanding is a treaty signed between Thailand and Cambodia during the Thaksin Shinawatra government in 2001. Its primary purpose was to provide a framework for negotiations between Thailand and Cambodia regarding overlapping maritime boundary claims covering an area of ​​26,000 square kilometers, divided into two main areas:

An area north of 11 degrees north latitude, covering 10,000 square kilometers, is the overlapping maritime boundary that Thailand and Cambodia will need to negotiate.

In the area south of latitude 11 degrees north, covering an area of ​​16,000 square kilometers, Thailand and Cambodia will need to negotiate the joint exploitation of subterranean natural resources, such as petroleum, natural gas, and others, without the need to divide maritime territories.

In addition to the issue of overlapping maritime claims, MOU 44 also stipulates that Thailand and Cambodia must agree on maritime boundary demarcation and the development of their respective petroleum industries simultaneously. Furthermore, both countries must negotiate and reach an agreement as quickly as possible.

For those interested in reading more about MOU44, please click on this link.

Understanding MOU 44: A Simple and Comprehensive Explanation of Reasons for Cancellation vs. Non-Cancellation

However, the context for negotiating maritime boundary disputes may change significantly because on January 16, 2026, less than a month before Thailand's parliamentary elections, the Cambodian government announced its ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which will come into force in March 2026.

How will Cambodia's ratification of the MOU impact negotiations between Thailand and Cambodia on the overlapping maritime claims? Join us in finding the answers with Professor Patarapong Saengkrai from the Faculty of Law, Thammasat University, on various issues related to MOU 44 and the dispute settlement mechanism under the UNCLOS Convention, and how it affects signatory countries.

Can MOU44 be unilaterally revoked?

Previously, there was a debate about whether, since MOU 44 between Thailand and Cambodia has the status of a treaty under the Vienna Convention, it can be unilaterally revoked with the consent of both parties, or unless one party seriously violates the agreement. The question, in reality, is whether MOU 44 can be unilaterally revoked.

Professor Phatarapong stated that, according to treaty law, one must first examine the treaty's contents regarding the cancellation of the agreement. If it is explicitly stated, then it must be followed. However, if it is not specified in the treaty, the general principle applies: both parties must 'agree to cancel the agreement.'

However, Professor Phatarapong explained that the principle of mutual consent has an exception allowing for unilateral cancellation, depending on whether the content of the treaty allows for unilateral cancellation, as per Article 56(1)(b) of the Vienna Convention of 1969.

Professor Phatarapong believes that the party seeking to cancel the agreement would argue that the content of MOU44 allows Thailand to unilaterally revoke it. This is because MOU44 is not a final, definitive agreement, but merely an ' Agreement to Negotiate, ' meaning both parties agree to "negotiate" within the framework specified in the treaty.

"(MOU44) only stipulates that the two parties must negotiate, and it doesn't guarantee that the negotiations will lead to a genuine (maritime) boundary demarcation. Essentially, it's their duty to negotiate, and they must expedite the negotiations to reach a conclusion, because at that time, there was only a shared political will from both sides; it hadn't yet reached the point of demarcation or sharing of benefits. This means that, in essence, if the negotiations are inconclusive, the agreement can be unilaterally canceled. The content of MOU44 doesn't create very strict provisions," Patarapong said, adding that if it were canceled, the mechanism for resolving future disputes would be under the framework of the UNCLOS convention.

The map showing the claimed maritime boundaries in the overlapping area, attached to MOU 44 (Source: Report " Should the Memorandum of Understanding of 2001 (MOU 2001) concerning the maritime boundary between Thailand and Cambodia be terminated? " by the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Senate), with Prachatai emphasizing the lines even more clearly.

The outcome of dispute resolution under UNCLOS is unpredictable.

Legal experts view Cambodia's ratification of the UNCLOS convention, which will officially enter into force on March 8, 2026, as a significant shift in its bargaining power.

Professor Phatarapong further stated that UNCLOS dispute settlement will end when two countries can negotiate together. However, if negotiations fail, the party state has the right to use the dispute settlement mechanism, which has three forms:

International arbitration

The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

A professor from Thammasat University further explained that if Thailand and Cambodia cannot agree on which court to use to resolve the case, they would have to resort to arbitration. However, if they are hesitant to go to arbitration for various reasons, such as high costs, they may choose the compulsory dispute resolution mechanism , or "Compulsory Conciliation." This involves appointing qualified experts as neutral parties to listen to both sides' perspectives and propose concrete solutions. If Thailand is confident that its legal claims and evidence are strong, and that Cambodia has incorrectly drawn the maritime boundary, then Thailand should win the arbitration case. However, there are two problems: 1. What constitutes a "winning" decision? This involves strategizing the case, and 2. No one can predict the outcome with 100% certainty.

"Because the relevant legal principle under UNCLOS only states 'an equitable solution,' which is not the same as drawing a straight line to divide things 50-50. Drawing a straight line isn't always 'fair.' 'Fairness' doesn't mean ' equality .' One problem is that when we proceed to court or arbitration, it's ' unpredictable' that we can't entirely predict the outcome of the decision," Patarapong said.

Professor Phatarapong emphasized that " the principle of achieving fairness" is not the same as "the principle of equality." These two are different because Cambodia's argument is that it is a small, developing country with limited access to the sea from Vietnam, while Thailand is more developed. It's possible that if the decision is based on this principle, Cambodia might benefit more. However, if both countries negotiate and reach an agreement beforehand, both sides will consider the outcome of the negotiations to be " fair. " If they cannot agree, a mediator might be brought in to determine a fair division of the spoils.

Reservation 298 exempts the case from the International Court of Justice, but disputes must still be resolved according to UNCLOS.

When asked whether Thailand's reservation under Article 298 of the UNCLOS would exempt it from the International Court of Justice or arbitration, Professor Patarapong confirmed that yes, but only on matters of maritime boundary delimitation, military activities, and actions taken in accordance with UNSC resolutions. He explained that the UNCLOS convention grants rights to states in these areas because they are sensitive issues for many countries, and the parties involved prefer to negotiate amongst themselves.

However, even if we do not use the UNCLOS maritime boundary dispute settlement system, the Convention framework will still require the states involved to settle the dispute together, as per Article 298(1), as has happened with Timor-Leste and Australia.

Pattarapong revealed that Timor-Leste and Australia have had a dispute in the Timor Sea (since 2002), which can be compared to Thailand's case. At that time, when Australia saw that Timor-Leste was about to become a party to the UNCLOS convention, Australia preemptively declared that it would not recognize the jurisdiction of the courts and arbitrators in matters relating to maritime boundary demarcation.

Later, when Timor-Leste became a party to UNCLOS, it could not seek arbitration on this matter. However, under the UNCLOS convention, "Compulsory Conciliation" (as per Annex 5, Article 2) was established. Ultimately, Timor-Leste and Australia were able to resolve the dispute under this compulsory conciliation process because the dispute was protracted and could not proceed further. Timor-Leste and Australia agreed to develop and share the benefits, with Timor-Leste receiving 90% of the benefits and Australia receiving 10%.

Is Cambodia preparing to negotiate within the UNCLOS framework?

Regarding the media's question about the future direction of dispute resolution, Professor Patarapong believes that considering Prime Minister Anutin's repeated emphasis on revoking MOU 44 before, during, and after the election, and the subsequent establishment of a working group, it seems the Prime Minister is likely instructing that negotiations not be further delayed. Something must be done, which might involve revoking or amending MOU 44.

Meanwhile, looking ahead to Cambodia, if they perceive that the MOU 44 negotiations are not progressing, Cambodia might propose using the arbitration mechanism under UNCLOS to resolve the dispute. If Thailand rejects this, then compulsory conciliation would be necessary. Therefore, Cambodia should prepare itself in parallel, both for negotiations with Thailand within the framework of MOU 44 and for the possibility of using the "Compulsory Conciliation" mechanism. Thailand should also prepare itself in terms of these mechanisms, and the government should ensure that its citizens understand this process.

Cambodia is conducting overseas trips as part of preparation for a potential territorial dispute.

Regarding the media's question about whether Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet's recent meetings with various world leaders are in preparation for the border dispute with Thailand, Professor Patarapong believes that, judging from Hun Manet's interviews, the focus remains on the land border, MOU 43, or the JBC (Thai-Cambodian Joint Border Commission). This is understandable, as the Cambodian people are partly pressuring him and partly waiting to see how the situation will unfold. Therefore, his meetings with the media and world leaders are a way to address the concerns of his domestic citizens. On the other hand, it also puts pressure on Thailand, because Cambodia has consistently argued that the area occupied by Thai troops (following the latest clashes) encroaches on Cambodian territory, exceeding Thailand's claimed sovereignty. Thus, Cambodia's meetings with the media and foreign leaders may not yet include maritime issues.

(Left) Hugh Manet and (Right) Emmanuel Macron (File photo taken on February 5, 2024 at the Présidence de la République France ).

However, law professors believe that asking France for assistance with evidence may involve maritime issues.

"What is being viewed and is a concern, and is also included in Senator Prachit 's study, is the definition of the territorial sea. The line that Cambodia claims extends from kilometer marker 73 to the center of Koh Kood, citing treaties. Many on the Thai side insist that this claim is invalid because the treaties of 1904 and 1907 concerned land boundaries, but Cambodia is trying to apply them to the sea. The straight line drawn from Koh Kood and curving southward is what they claim based on the treaties. Therefore, if they can provide evidence that it can be applied to the territorial sea, then they can make their claim. But the Thai side has consistently maintained that such a claim is not valid," Patarapong stated.

A research report titled "Should the Memorandum of Understanding of 2001 (MOU 2001) Concerning the Maritime Boundary between Thailand and Cambodia be Termination?", written by Prachit Rojnapruk, former Senator and former Director-General of the Department of Treaties and Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, states on page 3, under the heading " Ownership of Koh Kood," that Cambodia has declared a continental shelf line, using a straight line dotted as shown in the annex to the 1907 treaty between Siam and France, as the dividing line for the "continental shelf" and the "territorial sea" between Thailand and Cambodia.

On this point, the Thai side argues that the 1907 treaty does not delineate a maritime boundary; it only defines a land boundary, and the symbol +++, used for demarcation of the maritime boundary, does not appear.

Should MOU44 be revoked?

Regarding the issue of whether MOU 44 should be revoked, Professor Patarapong commented that revocation is only one aspect of the larger problem. Even if Thailand doesn't revoke it and continues negotiations within the framework of MOU 44, there is currently a lack of trust in the negotiation process within that framework, as well as distrust of government officials, including the Hydrographic Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and politicians. This puts increased pressure on the negotiating team. Achieving a resolution with Cambodia is already difficult, but negotiating a result that satisfies the Thai people is even more challenging. Otherwise, it could face opposition similar to the Preah Vihear Temple case. If MOU 44 is revoked, the question arises: what mechanisms will be used? If the UNCLOS mechanism is applied, how can the public, who have lost trust in the MOU, regain trust in the government and its officials?

Pattarapong continued, "This situation makes us realize that whether we negotiate within the framework of MOU 44 or a new replacement, as long as a number of people don't trust the officials negotiating, combined with the societal sentiment following last year's clashes (in 2025), which has increased hatred towards Cambodia, it's unclear how we will reach an agreement. Many people are even saying that the line Thailand claims is unacceptable if it's not 100% valid. In reality, that's impossible. There has to be a compromise; one side must concede on one point, and the other must concede on another. Flexibility is necessary. Therefore, maintaining the old framework or replacing it with a new one makes negotiations difficult, and it might end up in dispute resolution under UNCLOS, involving a third party. The remaining issue is communicating with our people that, 'If we want this dispute to be definitively resolved so we can use the oil and natural gas, then we should accept the advice or rulings from a third party.'"

“There are two main objectives: firstly, to negotiate with Cambodia, and secondly, to communicate and convince the entire country. I’d like to add that some have suggested that the negotiating team should include representatives who oppose MOU 44, to participate in the decision-making process. It’s about managing mistrust,” Patarapong said.

Article 1

PART I INTRODUCTION

👉Article 1

Use of terms and scope

1. For the purposes of this Convention:

(1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;

(2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;

(3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;

(4) "pollution of the marine environment" means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities;

(5) (a) "dumping" means:

(i) any deliberate disposal of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea;

(ii) any deliberate disposal of vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea;

(b) "dumping" does not include:

(i) the disposal of wastes or other matter incidental to, or derived from the normal operations of vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea and their equipment, other than wastes or other matter transported by or to vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea, operating for the purpose of disposal of such matter or derived from the treatment of such wastes or other matter on such vessels, aircraft, platforms or structures;

(ii) placement of matter for a purpose other than the mere disposal thereof, provided that such placement is not contrary to the aims of this Convention.

2. (1) "States Parties" means States which have consented to be bound by this Convention and for which this Convention is in force.

(2) This Convention applies mutatis mutandis to the entities referred to in article 305, paragraph l(b), (c), (d), (e) and (f), which become Parties to this Convention in accordance with the conditions relevant to each, and to that extent "States Parties" refers to those entities.

ផ្នែកទី I សេចក្តីផ្តើម

👉 មាត្រា ១

ការប្រើប្រាស់ពាក្យ និងវិសាលភាព

១. សម្រាប់គោលបំណងនៃអនុសញ្ញានេះ៖

(1) “តំបន់” មានន័យថា បាតសមុទ្រ និងបាតសមុទ្រ ព្រមទាំងដីក្រោមបាតសមុទ្រ ដែលហួសពីដែនកំណត់នៃយុត្តាធិការជាតិ។

(2) «អាជ្ញាធរ» មានន័យថា អាជ្ញាធរ​បាតសមុទ្រ​អន្តរជាតិ;

(3) «សកម្មភាពនៅក្នុងតំបន់» មានន័យថា សកម្មភាពទាំងអស់នៃការរុករក និងការធ្វើអាជីវកម្មធនធាននៃតំបន់នោះ។

(4) «ការបំពុលបរិស្ថានសមុទ្រ» មានន័យថា ការដាក់បញ្ចូលដោយមនុស្ស ដោយផ្ទាល់ ឬដោយប្រយោលនូវសារធាតុ ឬថាមពលចូលទៅក្នុងបរិស្ថានសមុទ្រ រួមទាំងមាត់ទន្លេ ដែលបណ្តាលឱ្យមាន ឬទំនងជាបណ្តាលឱ្យមានផលប៉ះពាល់ដ៏គ្រោះថ្នាក់ដូចជា គ្រោះថ្នាក់ដល់ធនធានមានជីវិត និងជីវិតសមុទ្រ គ្រោះថ្នាក់ដល់សុខភាពមនុស្ស ឧបសគ្គដល់សកម្មភាពសមុទ្រ រួមទាំងការនេសាទ និងការប្រើប្រាស់សមុទ្រស្របច្បាប់ផ្សេងទៀត ការចុះខ្សោយគុណភាពសម្រាប់ការប្រើប្រាស់ទឹកសមុទ្រ និងការថយចុះនៃភាពងាយស្រួល។

(5) (ក) “ការចាក់ចោល” មានន័យថា៖

(i) ការបោះចោលកាកសំណល់ ឬវត្ថុធាតុផ្សេងទៀតដោយចេតនាពីនាវា យន្តហោះ វេទិកា ឬរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធសិប្បនិម្មិតផ្សេងទៀតនៅលើសមុទ្រ។

(ii) ការបោះចោលដោយចេតនានូវនាវា យន្តហោះ វេទិកា ឬរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធដែលមនុស្សបង្កើតឡើងផ្សេងទៀតនៅលើសមុទ្រ។

(ខ) “ការចាក់ចោល” មិនរាប់បញ្ចូល៖

(i) ការបោះចោលកាកសំណល់ ឬសារធាតុផ្សេងទៀតដែលកើតឡើងដោយប្រយោល ឬបានមកពីប្រតិបត្តិការធម្មតារបស់នាវា យន្តហោះ វេទិកា ឬរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធដែលផលិតដោយមនុស្សផ្សេងទៀតនៅលើសមុទ្រ និងឧបករណ៍របស់ពួកគេ ក្រៅពីកាកសំណល់ ឬសារធាតុផ្សេងទៀតដែលដឹកជញ្ជូនដោយ ឬទៅកាន់នាវា យន្តហោះ វេទិកា ឬរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធដែលផលិតដោយមនុស្សផ្សេងទៀតនៅលើសមុទ្រ ដែលដំណើរការសម្រាប់គោលបំណងបោះចោលសារធាតុបែបនេះ ឬបានមកពីការកែច្នៃកាកសំណល់ ឬសារធាតុផ្សេងទៀតនៅលើនាវា យន្តហោះ វេទិកា ឬរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធបែបនេះ។

(ii) ការដាក់វត្ថុសម្រាប់គោលបំណងផ្សេងក្រៅពីការបោះចោលវត្ថុទាំងនោះ ដោយផ្តល់ថាការដាក់បែបនេះមិនផ្ទុយនឹងគោលបំណងនៃអនុសញ្ញានេះ។

2. (1) «រដ្ឋភាគី» មានន័យថា រដ្ឋដែលបានយល់ព្រមចងភ្ជាប់ដោយអនុសញ្ញានេះ និងដែលអនុសញ្ញានេះកំពុងមានសុពលភាព។

(2) អនុសញ្ញានេះអនុវត្តដូចគ្នាចំពោះអង្គភាពដែលបានរៀបរាប់នៅក្នុងមាត្រា 305 វគ្គ l(ខ), (គ), (ឃ), (ង) និង (ច) ដែលក្លាយជាភាគីនៃអនុសញ្ញានេះស្របតាមលក្ខខណ្ឌពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងភាគីនីមួយៗ ហើយក្នុងកម្រិតនោះ "រដ្ឋភាគី" សំដៅលើអង្គភាពទាំងនោះ។

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេសក្នុង​ច្បាប់សមុទ្រ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ

បញ្ជីប្រទេសសមាជិក

List of parties
States with a dagger (†) are landlocked states.

State[2][3][4]	Convention			Agreement
	Signed	Deposited	Method	Signed	Deposited	Method
Albania		Jun 23, 2003	Accession		Jun 23, 2003	Accession
Algeria	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 11, 1996	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jun 11, 1996	Ratification
Angola	Dec 10, 1982	Dec 5, 1990	Ratification		Sep 7, 2010	Accession
Antigua and Barbuda	Feb 7, 1983	Feb 2, 1989	Ratification		May 3, 2016	Accession
Argentina	Oct 5, 1984	Dec 1, 1995	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Dec 1, 1995	Ratification
Armenia †		Dec 9, 2002	Accession		Dec 9, 2002	Accession
Australia	Dec 10, 1982	Oct 5, 1994	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Oct 5, 1994	Ratification
Austria †	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 14, 1995	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 14, 1995	Ratification
Azerbaijan †		Jun 16, 2016	Accession		Jun 16, 2016	Accession
Bahamas	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 29, 1983	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Bahrain	Dec 10, 1982	May 30, 1985	Ratification
Bangladesh	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 27, 2001	Ratification		Jul 27, 2001	Accession
Barbados	Dec 10, 1982	Oct 12, 1993	Ratification	Nov 15, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Belarus †	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 30, 2006	Ratification		Aug 30, 2006	Accession
Belgium	Dec 5, 1984	Nov 13, 1998	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Nov 13, 1998	Ratification
Belize	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 13, 1983	Ratification		Oct 21, 1994	Accession
Benin	Aug 30, 1983	Oct 16, 1997	Ratification		Oct 16, 1997	Accession
Bolivia †	Nov 27, 1984	Apr 28, 1995	Ratification		Apr 28, 1995	Accession
Bosnia and Herzegovina		Jan 12, 1994	Succession from  Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia		May 26, 2021	Accession
Botswana †	Dec 5, 1984	May 2, 1990	Ratification		Jan 31, 2005	Accession
Brazil	Dec 10, 1982	Dec 22, 1988	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Oct 25, 2007	Ratification
Brunei	Dec 5, 1984	Nov 5, 1996	Ratification		Nov 5, 1996	Accession
Bulgaria	Dec 10, 1982	May 15, 1996	Ratification		May 15, 1996	Accession
Burkina Faso	Dec 10, 1982	Jan 25, 2005	Ratification	Nov 30, 1994	Jan 25, 2005	Ratification
Cabo Verde	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 10, 1987	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Apr 23, 2008	Ratification
Cambodia	Jul 1, 1983	Feb 6, 2026	Ratification		Feb 6, 2026	Accession
Cameroon	Dec 10, 1982	Nov 19, 1985	Ratification	May 24, 1995	Aug 28, 2002	Ratification
Canada	Dec 10, 1982	Nov 7, 2003	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Nov 7, 2003	Ratification
Chad †	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 14, 2009	Ratification		Aug 14, 2009	Accession
Chile	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 25, 1997	Ratification		Aug 25, 1997	Accession
China	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 7, 1996	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jun 7, 1996	Ratification
Comoros	Dec 6, 1984	Jun 21, 1994	Ratification
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Aug 22, 1983	Feb 17, 1989	Ratification
Republic of the Congo	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 9, 2008	Ratification		Jul 9, 2008	Accession
Cook Islands	Dec 10, 1982	Feb 15, 1995	Ratification		Feb 15, 1995	Accession
Costa Rica	Dec 10, 1982	Sep 21, 1992	Ratification		Sep 20, 2001	Accession
Côte d'Ivoire	Dec 10, 1982	Mar 26, 1984	Ratification	Nov 25, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Croatia		Apr 5, 1995	Succession from  Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia		Apr 5, 1995	Accession
Cuba	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 15, 1984	Ratification		Oct 17, 2002	Accession
Cyprus	Dec 10, 1982	Dec 12, 1988	Ratification	Nov 1, 1994	Jul 27, 1995	Ratification
Czech Republic †	Feb 22, 1993	Jun 21, 1996	Ratification Succession to the signature of  Czechoslovakia †	Nov 16, 1994	Jun 21, 1996	Ratification
Denmark	Dec 10, 1982	Nov 16, 2004	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Nov 16, 2004	Ratification
Djibouti	Dec 10, 1982	Oct 8, 1991	Ratification
Dominica	Mar 28, 1983	Oct 24, 1991	Ratification
Dominican Republic	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 10, 2009	Ratification		Jul 10, 2009	Accession
Ecuador		Sep 24, 2012	Accession		Sep 24, 2012	Accession
Egypt	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 26, 1983	Ratification	Mar 22, 1995
Equatorial Guinea	Jan 30, 1984	Jul 21, 1997	Ratification		Jul 21, 1997	Accession
Estonia		Aug 26, 2005	Accession		Aug 26, 2005	Accession
Eswatini †	Jan 18, 1984	Sep 24, 2012	Ratification	Oct 12, 1994	Sep 24, 2012	Ratification
European Union	Dec 7, 1984	Apr 1, 1998	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Apr 1, 1998	Ratification
Fiji	Dec 10, 1982	Dec 10, 1982	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Finland	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 21, 1996	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jun 21, 1996	Ratification
France	Dec 10, 1982	Apr 11, 1996	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Apr 11, 1996	Ratification
Gabon	Dec 10, 1982	Mar 11, 1998	Ratification	Apr 4, 1995	Mar 11, 1998	Ratification
Gambia	Dec 10, 1982	May 22, 1984	Ratification
Georgia		Mar 21, 1996	Accession		Mar 21, 1996	Accession
Germany		Oct 14, 1994	Accession	Jul 29, 1994	Oct 14, 1994	Ratification
Ghana	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 7, 1983	Ratification		Sep 23, 2016	Accession
Greece	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 21, 1995	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 21, 1995	Ratification
Grenada	Dec 10, 1982	Apr 25, 1991	Ratification	Nov 14, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Guatemala	Jul 8, 1983	Feb 11, 1997	Ratification		Feb 11, 1997	Accession
Guinea	Oct 4, 1984	Sep 6, 1985	Ratification	Aug 26, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Guinea-Bissau	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 25, 1986	Ratification
Guyana	Dec 10, 1982	Nov 16, 1993	Ratification		Sep 25, 2008	Accession
Haiti	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 31, 1996	Ratification		Jul 31, 1996	Accession
Honduras	Dec 10, 1982	Oct 5, 1993	Ratification		Jul 28, 2003	Accession
Hungary †	Dec 10, 1982	Feb 5, 2002	Ratification		Feb 5, 2002	Accession
Iceland	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 21, 1985	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
India	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 29, 1995	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jun 29, 1995	Ratification
Indonesia	Dec 10, 1982	Feb 3, 1986	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jun 2, 2000	Ratification
Iraq	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 30, 1985	Ratification
Ireland	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 21, 1996	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jun 21, 1996	Ratification
Italy	Dec 7, 1984	Jan 13, 1995	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jan 13, 1995	Ratification
Jamaica	Dec 10, 1982	Mar 21, 1983	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Japan	Feb 7, 1983	Jun 20, 1996	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jun 20, 1996	Ratification
Jordan		Nov 27, 1995	Accession		Nov 27, 1995	Accession
Kenya	Dec 10, 1982	Mar 2, 1989	Ratification		Jul 29, 1994	Accession
Kiribati		Feb 24, 2003	Accession		Feb 24, 2003	Accession
South Korea	Mar 14, 1983	Jan 29, 1996	Ratification	Nov 7, 1994	Jan 29, 1996	Ratification
Kuwait	Dec 10, 1982	May 2, 1986	Ratification		Aug 2, 2002	Accession
Kyrgyzstan †		Sep 20, 2025	Accession		Sep 20, 2025	Accession
Laos †	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 5, 1998	Ratification	Oct 27, 1994	Jun 5, 1998	Ratification
Latvia		Dec 23, 2004	Accession		Dec 23, 2004	Accession
Lebanon	Dec 7, 1984	Jan 5, 1995	Ratification		Jan 5, 1995	Accession
Lesotho †	Dec 10, 1982	May 31, 2007	Ratification		May 31, 2007	Accession
Liberia	Dec 10, 1982	Sep 25, 2008	Ratification		Sep 25, 2008	Accession
Lithuania		Nov 12, 2003	Accession		Nov 12, 2003	Accession
Luxembourg †	Dec 5, 1984	Oct 5, 2000	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Oct 5, 2000	Ratification
Madagascar	Feb 25, 1983	Aug 22, 2001	Ratification		Aug 22, 2001	Accession
Malawi †	Dec 7, 1984	Sep 28, 2010	Ratification		Sep 28, 2010	Accession
Malaysia	Dec 10, 1982	Oct 14, 1996	Ratification	Aug 2, 1994	Oct 14, 1996	Ratification
Maldives	Dec 10, 1982	Sep 7, 2000	Ratification	Oct 10, 1994	Sep 7, 2000	Ratification
Mali †	Oct 19, 1983	Jul 16, 1985	Ratification
Malta	Dec 10, 1982	May 20, 1993	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jun 26, 1996	Ratification
Marshall Islands		Aug 9, 1991	Accession
Mauritania	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 17, 1996	Ratification	Aug 2, 1994	Jul 17, 1996	Ratification
Mauritius	Dec 10, 1982	Nov 4, 1994	Ratification		Nov 4, 1994	Accession
Mexico	Dec 10, 1982	Mar 18, 1983	Ratification		Apr 10, 2003	Accession
Micronesia		Apr 29, 1991	Accession	Aug 10, 1994	Sep 6, 1995	Ratification
Moldova †		Feb 6, 2007	Accession		Feb 6, 2007	Accession
Monaco	Dec 10, 1982	Mar 20, 1996	Ratification	Nov 30, 1994	Mar 20, 1996	Ratification
Mongolia †	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 13, 1996	Ratification	Aug 17, 1994	Aug 13, 1996	Ratification
Montenegro		Oct 23, 2006	Succession from  Serbia and Montenegro		Oct 23, 2006	Succession from  Serbia and Montenegro
Morocco	Dec 10, 1982	May 31, 2007	Ratification	Oct 19, 1994	May 31, 2007	Ratification
Mozambique	Dec 10, 1982	Mar 13, 1997	Ratification		Mar 13, 1997	Accession
Myanmar	Dec 10, 1982	May 21, 1996	Ratification		May 21, 1996	Accession
Namibia	Dec 10, 1982	Apr 18, 1983	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Nauru	Dec 10, 1982	Jan 23, 1996	Ratification		Jan 23, 1996	Accession
Nepal †	Dec 10, 1982	Nov 2, 1998	Ratification		Nov 2, 1998	Accession
Netherlands	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 28, 1996	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jun 28, 1996	Ratification
New Zealand	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 19, 1996	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 19, 1996	Ratification
Nicaragua	Dec 9, 1984	May 3, 2000	Ratification		May 3, 2000	Accession
Niger †	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 7, 2013	Ratification		Aug 7, 2013	Accession
Nigeria	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 14, 1986	Ratification	Oct 25, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Niue	Dec 5, 1984	Oct 11, 2006	Ratification		Oct 11, 2006	Accession
North Macedonia †		Aug 19, 1994	Succession from  Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia		Aug 19, 1994	Accession
Norway	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 24, 1996	Ratification		Jun 24, 1996	Accession
Oman	Jul 1, 1983	Aug 17, 1989	Ratification		Feb 26, 1997	Accession
Pakistan	Dec 10, 1982	Feb 26, 1997	Ratification	Aug 10, 1994	Feb 26, 1997	Ratification
Palau		Sep 30, 1996	Accession		Sep 30, 1996	Accession
Palestine		Jan 2, 2015	Accession		Jan 2, 2015	Accession
Panama	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 1, 1996	Ratification		Jul 1, 1996	Accession
Papua New Guinea	Dec 10, 1982	Jan 14, 1997	Ratification		Jan 14, 1997	Accession
Paraguay †	Dec 10, 1982	Sep 26, 1986	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 10, 1995	Ratification
Philippines	Dec 10, 1982	May 8, 1984	Ratification	Nov 15, 1994	Jul 23, 1997	Ratification
Poland	Dec 10, 1982	Nov 13, 1998	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Nov 13, 1998	Ratification
Portugal	Dec 10, 1982	Nov 3, 1997	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Nov 3, 1997	Ratification
Qatar	Nov 27, 1984	Dec 9, 2002	Ratification		Dec 9, 2002	Accession
Romania	Dec 10, 1982	Dec 17, 1996	Ratification		Dec 17, 1996	Accession
Russia	Dec 10, 1982	Mar 12, 1997	Ratification		Mar 12, 1997	Accession
Rwanda †	Dec 10, 1982	May 18, 2023	Ratification		May 18, 2023	Accession
Samoa	Sep 28, 1984	Aug 14, 1995	Ratification	Jul 7, 1995	Aug 14, 1995	Ratification
San Marino †		Jul 19, 2024	Accession		Jul 19, 2024	Accession
Sao Tome and Principe	Jul 13, 1983	Nov 3, 1987	Ratification
Saudi Arabia	Dec 7, 1984	Apr 24, 1996	Ratification		Apr 24, 1996	Accession
Senegal	Dec 10, 1982	Oct 25, 1984	Ratification	Aug 9, 1994	Jul 25, 1995	Ratification
Serbia †		Mar 12, 2001	Succession as  Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from  Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	May 12, 1995	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Seychelles	Dec 10, 1982	Sep 16, 1991	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Dec 15, 1994	Ratification
Sierra Leone	Dec 10, 1982	Dec 12, 1994	Ratification		Dec 12, 1994	Accession
Singapore	Dec 10, 1982	Nov 17, 1994	Ratification		Nov 17, 1994	Accession
Slovakia †	May 28, 1993	May 8, 1996	Ratification Succession to the signature of  Czechoslovakia †	Nov 14, 1994	May 8, 1996	Ratification
Slovenia		Jun 16, 1995	Succession from  Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	Jan 19, 1995	Jun 16, 1995	Ratification
Solomon Islands	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 23, 1997	Ratification		Jun 23, 1997	Accession
Somalia	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 24, 1989	Ratification
South Africa	Dec 5, 1984	Dec 23, 1997	Ratification	Oct 3, 1994	Dec 23, 1997	Ratification
Spain	Dec 4, 1984	Jan 15, 1997	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jan 15, 1997	Ratification
Sri Lanka	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 19, 1994	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
St. Kitts and Nevis	Dec 7, 1984	Jan 7, 1993	Ratification
St. Lucia	Dec 10, 1982	Mar 27, 1985	Ratification
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	Dec 10, 1982	Oct 1, 1993	Ratification
Sudan	Dec 10, 1982	Jan 23, 1985	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994
Suriname	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 9, 1998	Ratification		Jul 9, 1998	Accession
Sweden	Dec 10, 1982	Jun 25, 1996	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Jun 25, 1996	Ratification
Switzerland †	Oct 17, 1984	May 1, 2009	Ratification	Oct 26, 1994	May 1, 2009	Ratification
Tanzania	Dec 10, 1982	Sep 30, 1985	Ratification	Oct 7, 1994	Jun 25, 1998	Ratification
Thailand	Dec 10, 1982	May 15, 2011	Ratification		May 15, 2011	Accession
Timor-Leste		Jan 8, 2013	Accession		Jan 8, 2013	Accession
Togo	Dec 10, 1982	Apr 16, 1985	Ratification	Aug 3, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Tonga		Aug 2, 1995	Accession		Aug 2, 1995	Accession
Trinidad and Tobago	Dec 10, 1982	Apr 25, 1986	Ratification	Oct 10, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Tunisia	Dec 10, 1982	Apr 24, 1985	Ratification	May 15, 1995	May 24, 2002	Ratification
Tuvalu	Dec 10, 1982	Dec 9, 2002	Ratification		Dec 9, 2002	Accession
Uganda †	Dec 10, 1982	Nov 9, 1990	Ratification	Aug 9, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Ukraine	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 26, 1999	Ratification	Feb 28, 1995	Jul 26, 1999	Ratification
United Kingdom		Jul 25, 1997	Accession	Jul 29, 1994	Jul 25, 1997	Ratification
Uruguay	Dec 10, 1982	Dec 10, 1992	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Aug 7, 2007	Ratification
Vanuatu	Dec 10, 1982	Aug 10, 1999	Ratification	Jul 29, 1994	Aug 10, 1999	Ratification
Vietnam	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 25, 1994	Ratification		Apr 27, 2006	Accession
Yemen	Dec 10, 1982	Jul 21, 1987	Ratification as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. Also signed by the Yemen Arab Republic on Dec. 10 1982 prior to Yemeni unification.[2]		Oct 13, 2014	Accession
Zambia †	Dec 10, 1982	Mar 7, 1983	Ratification	Oct 13, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification
Zimbabwe †	Dec 10, 1982	Feb 24, 1993	Ratification	Oct 28, 1994	Jul 28, 1995	Ratification

Signatories